Give examples of how each works. The term streaming is typically used to apply to formal processes of splitting students into ability groupings and is usually discussed in a manner that focuses on the individual student. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. No Way! The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. 7 & 10(Accessed March 2012). A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). What were the characteristics of popular students? Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. There is also the risk that she may develop a reputation. An inherent message in these codes of dress is that girls covering up keeps male students focused and protects girls personal safety. School administrators argued that the girls were in violation of the school dress code and that the practice had been banned by school because the duct tape outfits had become too racy in previous years.7. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). How do they contribute to student socialization? (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). The second dimension of socialization is moral conformity, which refers to the process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong. When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. The One reaction has been an outcry that educational standards are failing boys. The findings of research on the impact of school uniforms on school safety has, in general, not supported the premise of reduced behavioural problems in students (Han 2010) or school achievement (Yeung 2009). Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. What were the characteristics of unpopular students. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with 2010). The series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes; also known as tracking. In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. What group(s) were you in? Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. Students will be required to sit still during lessons. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. Social ties that students have among each other have been found to have effects on academic achievement (Broh 2002), such that positive social interactions in the school environment spill over into how well they do in their schoolwork. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. 2. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. Socializationrefers to the ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. 2010). Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. While school uniforms are standard attire in the United Kingdom, they have not been adopted in most North American schools until relatively recently. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. However, there is some evidence that home schooled children are acquiring the rules of behavior and systems of beliefs and attitudes they need. Identify how the role of the family differs from the role of the school in the socialization process. Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. Humans are innately social and thrive in communication, comradery and competition with others. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). Did you interact with people in other groups? This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. As noted by Sweet et al. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. What problems are being identified? Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North Additionally, this study explores the relationship between students online learning engagement and their online learning performance by taking the Secondary School Geography Curriculum Standards and Textbooks Research, a small-scale private online course (SPOC) of the geography education undergraduate course, as an example. Characteristics of children that may be perceived to threaten classroom management may attract negative attention from teachers. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. Gender Socialization. Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). They also found significant differences by province: students from Saskatchewan were much more likely to have university options than those in British Columbia, Alberta, or Ontario. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. Internationally, girls have also been achieving higher standardized reading scores than males since the 1990s (see Box 6.5 for discussion). Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. These 1400 hours in the school setting per year do not include extracurricular activities and school preparatory work, like homework. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. WebExamples of Socialization 1. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing 4. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. Students also learn their gender at school. It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. 2010). These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. What happens if teachers behave in ways that violate norms of morality? Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. Summarize how students learn about gender roles in school. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. 2007). Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). What is streaming? Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. This is a community-based school that offers mentoring to marginalized children and youth. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly.
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