micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

Micrococcus species by the Taxo A Bacitracin disk test can also be differentiated from staphylococcus species. Typical colonies are often described as gray to white, moist or glistening. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. Alpha-hemolytic colonies often assume a greenish hue. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. The M. luteus genome encodes about four sigma factors and fourteen response regulators, a finding indicative of the adaptation to a rather strict ecological niche. The Micrococcus strains isolated from various infections were most probably misclassified as staphylococci. Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall in which it may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. Rawis M, and AK Ellis (2019). The streptococci and enterococci are categorized by expression of either beta, alpha, or gamma hemolysis on sBAP, depending on the genus/species. For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. These include the slide or drop catalase test, the tube method, the semiquantitative catalase for the identification of Mycobacterium, M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of, A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. Defining characteristics of Micrococcus are the ability to aerobically produce acid from glucose glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, arginine dihydrolase, major pigment production, motility, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. If an organism is capable of fermenting the sugar glucose, then acidic byproducts are formed and the pH indicator turns yellow. Thus, when dealing with Micrococcus infections, it usually takes several cultures that are being grown and examined before one realizes that Micrococcus is indeed the culprit. The nasal cavity microbiota of healthy adults. We were aiming to isolate a bacterium from this initial environmental sample by using repeated quadrant streaks to isolate single species colonies, therefore producing a pure culture that we could do a multitude of tests on which include Gram staining, genetic analysis and antibiotic testing along with many other tests. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). Motility (Motile / Non-Motile) Non-Motile. Another test I did to identify my isolate was DNA analysis, described in lab handouts 5 and 7. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. The API 20 Strep test I used came up with no conclusive results. Further tests that I would do would be testing how much heat resistance it has, the density of a broth suspended sample using a dilution series, test for more antibiotic resistances, and how well it can grow in antibacterial mediums and mediums of different pH levels. Micrococcus, genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae that is widely disseminated in nature. Colonies typically have a lemon-yellow pigment. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by. They are found in many other places in the environment, including dust, water, and soil. The catalase test also indicated that the microbe does not have catalase, despite the metagenomic binning test suggesting it. The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. Growth can produce colonies of a certain size and consistency, as well as pigmentation. It has been associated with causing a variety of illnesses including septic arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis, chronic cutaneous infections in HIV-positive patients, and catheter infections. [2] It resists antibiotic treatment by slowing of major metabolic processes and induction of unique genes[citation needed]. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. Micrococcus luteuswere discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered penicillin in 1928. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). I would hypothesise that because we clean our shower regularly, that most of the bacterium un the shower drain would come from people in my family taking a shower, and mostly be from the skin. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. Your email address will not be published. In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. // Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. 2-9 In these reports micrococci were identified on the basis of their . Thank you for joining me, Karen Krisher, on this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on Basics of Differentiation of Gram-positive Cocci.. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of, Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. I suspect that the API 20E test strip results were negated by having used an inactive colony, as the fluid thyoglycate test failed as well. All three types of hemolytic reactions are represented on this slide. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. 570 . The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. Depend on Gram stain Test and Biochemical Test find four species of cellulolytic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta, Micrococcus luteus and Plesiomonas shigelloides. What are the Diseases that are Caused By Micrococcus? These organisms range in virulence potential from commensal organisms found on the skin and mucous membranes to pathogens associated with serious infections. The bubbling reaction is almost immediate and distinct in appearance. The taxonomic assignment of this microbe was micrococcus luteus because it was the only bin that PATRIC gave. The microbiome of the nose. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). The API 20 E test strip results revealed nothing about what the isolate uses as an electron acceptor because every result was negative, and that it likely only uses glucose as an energy and carbon source and oxygen as its electron acceptor. It has been isolated from human skin. After it was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq at the UAF Core lab, I used the online program Base Space to analyze the reads that I got from sequencing. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. The MacConkey agar showed very little growth, and did not have a change in color, indicating that the microbe was gram positive and not a fermenter. Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. Three bacteria, E.coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Micrococcus luteus, have been grown on TSI or Triple sugar iron agar medium, which is a . Only those with compromised immune systems are thought to be susceptible to an infection.DisinfectionM. The typical microscopic morphology of the Gram-positive cocci when using the Grams stain is represented in these three images. The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. Micrococcus luteus, a commonly found member of the Micrococcaceae, produces round colonies which are convex (curving outward) with smooth, entire margins. Biochemical Pr Organism Enterococcus faecalis Lactococcus lactis Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus They grow on simple media and their colonies are usually pigmented. Micrococci are usually not pathogenic. luteus is capable of surviving in environments Micrococcus species are more sensitive to the Bacitracin while the staphylococci are resistant. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. On top of that, most of the bacterium that were stained were gram negative, which conflicts with this result. [3] Its genome was sequenced in 2010 and is one of the smallest genomes of free-living Actinomycetota sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.[4]. Colony pigmentation varies considerably but is usually different shades of yellow or cream-white. Because of their diversity, there are a variety of biochemical tests that are used by laboratories to identify the Gram-positive cocci. Genus: Micrococcus. Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. The gram stain of this microbe showed that it is gram positive because it stained purple. The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter. After observation of the colony and microscopic morphology, the production of catalase by the isolate is documented. 2. Positive. This simple-to-perform test categorizes the Gram-positive cocci as either catalase producers (+) or non-producers (-). The family, Micrococcaceae, has been shrinking. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. Staphylococcus epidermidis contains cytochrome c which leads to turned purple after oxidation. These results might not be trustworthy. Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. Beta-hemolysis is a defining characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus and a certain streptococci. Micrococcus luteus pigment (Yellow) GLUCOSE FERMENTATION TEST This test detects the ability of the bacterium to break down glucose to pyruvic acid. Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. // As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. I extracted the DNA using the PowerSoil DNA kit (manufactured by Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. The sample was then sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq technology in UAFs DNA Core Lab. I used Prokka Genome Annotation to identify which genes are present in the bacterium, Kraken Metagenomics to identify what the DNA reads correlated to on different taxonomic levels, and SPAdes Genome Assembler to determine how many contigs were produced from the reads that were produced. I am an associate professor in the Clinical Laboratory Science program at Wayne State University. Last updated: August 10, 2022 by Sagar Aryal. We will discuss this shortly. [1] It is urease and catalase positive. Micrococcus species are strictly aerobic Gram-positive cocci arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters, and cells range from 0.5 to 3 m in diameter. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. Results: Regarding the gram stain test, my isolate was gram variable, I ensured that the strain was fresh so that the age of the culture was the same throughout the test. Cells are catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibit strictly aerobic metabolism. DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . // The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. The genus Micrococcus consists of Gram-positive spheres occurring in tetrads and in irregular clusters that are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. The colony took 16 days to be purified. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and . While defining the characteristics of the Micrococcus are the ability to produce acid aerobically from the aesculin hydrolysis, glucose glycerol, arginine dihydrolase, motility, major pigment production, and conversion of nitrate to nitrite. 1. Gram Staining. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 122(1):17-24. They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. Filter paper disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (oxidase reagent) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are used. Luteus is an obligate aerobe (medical. Streptococci and enterococci are observed to produce pairs and chains of cocci of varying length. Catalase test was the first biochemical test to be done . This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. This would be read as K/A. The microscopic morphology of the organisms as visualized using the Grams stain can give initial clues as to the possible identification of the organism. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. The metabolic pathways required for biomass production in silico were determined based on earlier models of actinobacteria. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. Micrococcus luteus was formerly known as Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Micrococcus spp. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, Challenges in Blood Group Alloantibody Detection, Clinical Applications of Complement Testing, Collecting Blood from Patients with Vascular Lines, Diagnosis of Syphilis Using the Reverse Algorithm, Liquid Chromatography LC Basics and Separation Techniques, Liquid Chromatography Separation Mechanisms, Optimal Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, Pharmacogenetics for Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions, Sensitivity Specificity and Predictive Values in Diagnostic Testing, Transfusion Support in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant, Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing, Commission on Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry. Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as 50% sequence similarity. It shows that it is mostly Actinobacteria, with some firmicules ,and proteobacteria mixed in (Figure 2). CCTC (English) "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". In contrast to staphylococci, usually, penicillin is sensitive. The kaiju metagenome binning shows that the microbe sample is not completely pure (Figure 2).