white lotus rebellion

In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. XIX Century Civil Wars. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 22 Feb. 2023 . Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. id Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Update now. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. . The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Szczepanski, Kallie. Updates? Szczepanski, Kallie. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. (2020, August 27). Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. //]]>. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Corrections? Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). }, Page last modified: ThoughtCo. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Kublai Khan White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. And so the war was waged. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. ", Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Chien-lung . When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Updates? Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. ." Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. [2][3]. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.